| Acar RD et al. |
10.1088/1752-7163/ac22bb
|
2021 |
Turkey |
N/A |
To evaluate the cardiopulmonary function and impairment of exercise endurance in patients with
COVID-19 after 3 months of the second wave of the pandemic |
Cross-sectional study |
N/A |
Epidemiology - Prevalence/Incidence |
Respiratory structures (s430) and related functions (Respiration b440-455) |
Post-Covid |
COVID-19 |
51 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
Cardiopulmonary exercise stress test |
|
|
|
|
|
|
This study reports about 51 COVID-19 patients, mostly healthcare providers,(median age was 42
[25–71] years, and 45% were female, 33% had severe COVID-19 while the remaining 67% had moderate
COVID-19, percentage of hospitalisation was 57%). They underwent cardiopulmonary exercise stress
test 3 months after the second wave of the pandemic in Turkey (the latency time between evaluation
and diagnosis is not better specified).
Main findings : 1)Dyspnoea on exertion was the common clinical complaint of the patients. 2) The
peak VO2 values of COVID-19 survivors decreased, and simultaneously, their exercise performance
decreased due to peripheral muscle involvement. 3) the percentage of the maximum predicted VO2 max
value was lower in male than in female COVID-19 survivors; 4)there was a positive correlation
between the percentage of the predicted VO2 max value and the age. So, these results suggested that
COVID-19 significantly affects young men among COVID-19 survivors. |
| Amini A et al. |
10.1007/s10072-021-05502-w |
2021 |
Iran |
N/A |
To investigate the effect of cognitive-motor training on the components of cognitive health of the
elderly who recovered from COVID-19. |
Non randomised controlled trial |
Specialized outpatient rehabilitation |
Micro - Interventions (efficacy/harms) |
Nervous system structures (s1) and related functions (Mental functions b1) |
Post-Covid |
COVID-19 |
42 |
N/A |
Interactive CMT |
This is a time series where subjects serve as their own controls |
MMSE, GH-2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
This study reports about 42 patients recovered from mild COVID-19 (mean age 70 years, mean BMI 22,
severe cases were excluded, no information was provided about distance from recovery). They
underwent 4-week CMT program twice a week. They were assessed at three time-points the beginning of
the intervention, two weeks and 3 months after the end of the program. The main finding is
represented by the decrease of the scores of depression, anxiety, physical symptoms, and social
performance components and the overall GHQ-2 score both in short-term follow-up and in long-term
follow-up compared to baseline assessment. |
| Aranda J et al. |
10.1016/j.jinf.2021.08.018 |
2021 |
Spain |
From February 28 to April 15, 2020 |
To determine the clinical outcomes, exercise capacity, psychiatric disorders, and long-term HRQoL of
patients with COVID-19 who developed ARDS and survived to hospital discharge. |
Inception Cohort study |
N/A |
Epidemiology - Natural history |
Respiratory structures (s430) and related functions (Respiration b440-455) |
Post-Covid |
COVID-19 |
166 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
Physical examination, chest X-ray, and 6MWT, scales to evaluate post-traumatic stress disorder,
depression, anxiety, and health-related QoL. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
This study reports about the 8 -month outcome of a cohort of 166 COVID-19 survivors (out of a total
365 patients with ARDS in the acute phase). The median age was 64 years, 79 % were males, median BMI
was 29. At 240 days after COVID-19 onset, only 113 were available for the assessment. In these 113,
81% complained of persistent symptoms, most of them showed reduced tolerance to physical effort, 93%
presented psychological disorders (depression/anxiety). Female sex, non-Caucasian race, and
comorbidities were independent risk factors for a worse quality of life due to mental health
component. |
| Bernocchi P et al. |
10.1089/tmj.2021.0181 |
2021 |
Italy |
From March to June 2020 |
To describe the implementation and preliminary observational data of a service of telecare and
telemonitoring of patients with chronic heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
|
Cohort study |
Rehabilitation services at home |
Micro - Interventions (efficacy/harms) |
Cardiovascular functions (Heart b410) |
Post-Covid |
COVID-19 |
130 |
N/A |
Telecare nursing and specialist teleconsultation program for 3 months, including monitoring of vital
signs and symptoms. |
N/A |
SF-12, symptoms, patient satisfaction. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
This study reports about 130 COVID-19 patients (mean age 68 years, 56% males, all the patients
needed hospitalization). Patients were recruited in a COVID-19 ward at discharge. They underwent a 3
month program based consisting in telecare nursing and specialist teleconsultation, including
monitoring of vital signs and symptoms. They were assessed at the beginning and at the end of the
program. The main finding is represented by the statistically significant improvement between start
to finish of the program in physical SF-12 scores, while mental SF-12 worsened in older patients (
<70 years old). Patient satisfaction with the program was very high in all 130 patients. |
| Blomberg B et al. |
10.1038/s41591-021-01433-3 |
2021 |
Norway |
From February 28 to April 4, 2020 |
To assess persistent symptoms 6 months after initial COVID-19 in a prospective cohort of
hospitalized and home-isolated patients from the first pandemic wave in Bergen, Norway. |
Cohort study |
N/A |
Epidemiology - Natural history |
Any other body structure and function-generic (s/b) |
Post-Covid |
COVID-19 |
312 |
N/A |
N/A |
60 seronegative patients |
Symptoms |
|
|
|
|
|
|
This study reports about 312 COVID-19 patients (median age 46 years, mean BMI 22, 22% needed
hospitalization) available at the 6-month follow-up after COVID-19 diagnosis. Compared to 61% rate
of persisting symtoms in the whole sample, up to 52% home-isolated young adults, aged 16–30 years
(32/61) also complained of loss of taste and/or smell (28%, 17/61), fatigue (21%, 13/61), dyspnea
(13%, 8/61), impaired concentration (13%, 8/61) and memory problems (11%, 7/61). |
| de Graaf MA et al. |
10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100731 |
2021 |
Netherlands |
March-June 2020 |
To assess pulmonary, cardiac, infectious and psychological outcomes in patients with COVID-19 at 6
weeks of hospital discharge |
Cross-sectional study |
N/A |
Epidemiology - Prevalence/Incidence |
Respiratory structures (s430) and related functions (Respiration b440-455) |
Ongoing |
COVID-19 |
81 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
Cardiopulmonary function and pulmonary function testing |
This study reports about 81 COVID-19 patients (51 (63%) male, mean age 61±13 years, Mean Body Mass
Index 27.8±4.5kg/m^2). They were assessed at 6 weeks after hospital discharge. The main finding is
represented by the rate of change in cardiopulmonary function and psychological impairment after
hospitalization. The majority of COVID-19 patients had residual symptoms at the outpatient clinic 6
weeks after discharge, mainly dyspnea on exertion as assessed by NYHA class. Patients showed
relatively good psychological adjustment and limited prevalence of depression, anxiety, or PTSD
symptoms (ranging from 5-17%). A lower pulmonary diffusion capacity correlated with functional
status, dyspnea was found. DLCOc value was significantly lower in the ICU group versus the non-ICU
group (mean difference 12.5%P=0.01). Also, FEV1 and FVC were significantly lower in de ICU group
than in the non-ICU group (mean difference FEV1 14.9%;P<0.001; mean difference FVC 15.4%;P<0.001;
respectively). CT Severity index was significantly higher in the ICU group (15.6±5.2) compared
to non-ICU patients (10.8±3.6) (P<0.001). Patients with a higher NYHA class (2-3) had
significantly lower DLCOc values (75±17% vs 83±13%, P=0.040). |
|
|
|
|
|
This study reports the clinical condition of 81 COVID-19 patients, of whom 34 (41%) had been
admitted to the ICU, at 6 weeks of hospital discharge . They were 51 (63%) male, with mean age 61±13
years, mean Body Mass Index 27.8±4.5. The main finding is represented by the rate of change in
cardiopulmonary function and psychological impairment after hospitalization. The majority of
COVID-19 patients had residual symptoms at the outpatient clinic 6 weeks after discharge, mainly
dyspnea on exertion as assessed by NYHA class. Patients showed relatively good psychological
adjustment and limited prevalence of depression, anxiety, or PTSD symptoms (ranging from 5-17%). A
lower pulmonary diffusion capacity correlated with functional status, dyspnea was found. DLCOc value
was significantly lower in the ICU group versus the non-ICU group (mean difference 12.5%P=0.01).
Also, FEV1 and FVC were significantly lower in de ICU group than in the non-ICU group (mean
difference FEV1 14.9%;P<0.001; mean difference FVC 15.4%;P<0.001; respectively). CT Severity index
was significantly higher in the ICU group (15.6±5.2) compared to non-ICU patients (10.8±3.6)
(P<0.001). Patients with a higher NYHA class (2-3) had significantly lower DLCOc values (75±17%
vs 83±13%, P=0.040). |
| De Marchi T |
10.2147/JIR.S318758 |
2021 |
Brazil |
From May 2020 to July 2020. |
To investigate the effects of photobiomodulation therapy combined with static magnetic field
(PBMT-sMF) on the length of ICU stay and mortality rate of severe COVID-19 patients requiring
invasive mechanical ventilation and assess its role in preserving respiratory muscles and modulating
inflammatory processes |
Randomised controlled trial |
Rehabilitation in acute care |
Micro - Interventions (efficacy/harms) |
Any other body structure and function-generic (s/b) |
Acute |
COVID-19 |
30 |
N/A |
photobiomodulation therapy combined with static magnetic field (15 cases) |
placebo photobiomodulation received daily throughout the ICU stay (15 controls) |
The primary outcome was length of ICU stay, defined by either discharge or death. The secondary
outcomes were survival rate, diaphragm muscle function, and the changes in blood parameters,
ventilatory parameters, and arterial blood gases. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
This study reports about 30 severe COVID-19 patients requiring invasive mechanical ventilation in
ICU (mean age 66.06 years, 53.33% were male. ) equally randomized into the two groups: patients who
underwent photobiomodulation therapy combined with static magnetic field and placebo control group.
The length of ICU stay was not significantly different between the PBMT-sMF and placebo groups
(16.26 and 23.06 days, respectively). In contrast, PBMT-sMF was significantly associated with
reduced diaphragm atrophy, improved ventilatory parameters and lymphocyte count, and decreased
C-reactive protein levels and hemoglobin count. |
| Ganesh R |
10.1177/21501327211030413
|
2021 |
USA |
From March to September 2020. |
To determine the persistent post COVID impairments prevalence and characteristics by collecting post
COVID illness data utilizing Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS®) |
Cross-sectional study |
N/A |
Epidemiology - Prevalence/Incidence |
Any other body structure and function-generic (s/b) |
Post-Covid |
COVID-19 |
817 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
The questionnaires concern fatigue, sleep disturbance , sleep-related impairment , ability to
participate in social roles and activities, physical function, and pain interference |
|
|
|
|
|
|
This study reports about 817 COVID-19 patients (mean age 44±17; 61.1%females).The mean interval
between initial positive PCR for SARS-CoV-2 and survey response was 68.4 days. Main findings :
persistent symptoms (>28 days) are common in patients after resolution of acute COVID-19 disease and
lead to impairment in the ability to participate in social roles (43.2%) and physical function (pain
17.8%, and fatigue 16.2%); PROMIS® scales reliably assess these symptoms and are comparable to
findings in other survey studies; post COVID impairments prevalence and characteristics were
influenced by being young (44 years), white (87%), and female (61%). |
| Gonzalez-Gerez JJ et al |
10.3390/ijerph18147511 |
2021 |
Spain |
October 2020 |
to evaluate the feasibility
and effectiveness of a novel program based on breathing exercises through telerehabilitation tools
in COVID-19 patients with mild to moderate symptomatology in the acute stage. |
Randomised controlled trial |
Rehabilitation services at home |
Micro - Interventions (efficacy/harms) |
Respiratory structures (s430) and related functions (Respiration b440-455) |
Acute |
COVID-19 |
42 |
N/A |
Breathing Exercise Program via telerehabilitation |
two assessments |
Feasibility of the intervention. Six-MinuteWalk Test (6MWT). Multidimensional Dyspnoea-12 (MD12).
Thirty-Second Sit-To-Stand Test (30STST). Borg Scale (BS). |
|
|
|
|
|
Significant differences were found for all of the outcome
measures in favour of the experimental group. BS: Int: --2.63 DS 1.05, Control: -0.32 DS0.04, P:
<0.001. MD12. Int:-6.37, DS 2.44, Control: 0.05 DS 0.21; P: <0.001. 30STST: Int: 1.32, DS 0.14,
Control:-0.31, DS: 0.72, P:0.001. 6MWT: Int: 112.86, DS -18.23, Control: 6.00, DS 1.14, P:
0.007 |
This study reports about 42 COVID-19 patients with mild to moderate symptomatology in the acute
stage (patients with positive PCR test and/or antigen test results in the last forty days were in
home confinement). Subjects were random assigned to receiving either breathing exercises through
telerehabilitation tools (mean age 40.79 ± 9.84) or sedentary activities (mean age 40.32 ± 12.53).
The patients were assessed through video calls on the first and the seventh days. Thirty-eight
subjects, with nineteen in each group, completed the one-week telerehabilitation program.The main
finding is represented by the significant differences for all of the outcome measures in favor of
the experimental group. Breathing exercises through telerehabilitation appeared as a promising
strategy for improving outcomes related to physical condition, dyspnoea, and perceived effort among
people exhibiting mild to moderate COVID-19 symptoms in the acute stage. |
| Grover S et al. |
10.1016/j.ajp.2021.102815
|
2021 |
India |
From May to June 2, 2020 |
To evaluate psychological morbidity, PTSD, fatigue, cognitive deficits and perceived stigma among
patients with COVID-19 after recovery from the acute phase of COVID-19 infection. |
Cross-sectional study |
N/A |
Epidemiology - Prevalence/Incidence |
Nervous system structures (s1) and related functions (Mental functions b1) |
Ongoing |
COVID-19 |
206 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4), Impact of Events Scale-Revised (IES-R), Fatigue Severity
Scale, questionnaire to assess perceived stigma, 4-item Likert scale (ranging from 0 to 3),
specifically designed to tap cognitive deficits |
|
|
|
|
|
|
This study reports about 206 COVID-19 patients (median age 36 years, 54 % males, 66% of patients
needed hospitalization, 8% needed ICU stay). They were assessed a mean of 33.72 (SD=49.52) days
after recovery or hospital discharge, at around 2 months of COVID_19 infection. The main findings
are represented by the prevalence of anxiety, depressive symptoms, and PTSD in the study sample that
was 24.8 %, 23.8 %, and 30 % respectively. Moreover, 23.7% subjects reported feeling of being
"confused, mentally foggy”, 31.5 % reported having a “lack of attention and concentration”, 22.3 %
reported “forgetting recent things” and 18.4 % reported “forgetting past events”. |
| Hampshire A et al |
10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101044 |
2021 |
UK |
between January and December 2020 |
to assess wheter those who had recovered from COVID-19 would show objective cognitive
deficits when performing tests of attention, working memory,
problem solving and emotional processing |
Cross-sectional study |
N/A |
Epidemiology - Prevalence/Incidence |
Nervous system structures (s1) and related functions (Mental functions b1) |
Post-Covid |
COVID-19 |
12689 |
N/A |
N/A |
68648 people not affected by COVID-19 |
global cognitive scores |
|
|
|
|
|
|
This study reports about 81,337 subjects undergoing a clinically validated web-optimized assessment
as part of the Great British Intelligence Test ( mean age 46.75 years, male 44.5%). Of them, 12689
reported a suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection, requiring hospitalization in 192 cases
(ventilation in 44 of them). Time of assessment after symptoms onset not reported.
The main finding is represented by the rate of persistent significant cognitive deficits versus
controls when controlling for age, gender, education level, income, racial-ethnic group,
pre-existing medical disorders, tiredness, depression and anxiety. The deficits were of substantial
effect size for people who had been hospitalised (N = 192), but also for non-hospitalised cases who
had biological confirmation of COVID-19 infection (N = 326). These differences were likely not
present prior to infection
|
| Hayden MC, |
10.3390/ijerph18179001 |
2021 |
Germany |
From 28 April 2020 to 8 January 2021 |
To evaluate the efficacy of PR in patients after COVID-19 |
Non randomised controlled trial |
General postacute rehabilitation |
Micro - Interventions (efficacy/harms) |
Respiratory structures (s430) and related functions (Respiration b440-455) |
Ongoing |
COVID-19 |
108 |
N/A |
Three-week inpatient PR |
Fiftyfive subjects with severe COVID-19 symptoms treated in the acute phase (55) were compared to 32
subjects with severe symptoms receiving treatment after more than 1 month of hospital discharge and
21 subjects with mild symptoms |
Primary outcome: dyspena (NRS, mMRC dyspnea scale). Secondary outcome: 6MWT, lung function, Brief
Fatigue Inventory, EQ-5D-5L, PHQ-9,GAD-7 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
This study reports about 108 COVID-19 patients (mean age 55.6 ± 10.1 years, 45.4% female) undergone
PR as outpatients because of persistent symptoms after COVID-19 . The mean interval between hospital
discharge (or end of the acute phase in non-hospitalized patients) and beginning of PR was 69±75.3
days. Post-hoc analysis of outcome was performed in the three subgroups identified according to the
initial disease severity and the latency of rehab referral and (acute severe: 10.8±11.2 days; severe
after interval:120.6±70.2 days; mild after interval:142.9±55.1days). The main finding is represented
by the improvement with large effect sizes in exertional dyspnea, physical capacity, QoL, fatigue,
and depression observed in the overall group exposed to PR program. There was a trend toward greater
efficacy after ‘severe courses’ of COVID-19 and an earlier start of rehabilitation after the acute
phase of the disease. Results were not compared to a control group. |
| Huang L et al. |
10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01755-4 |
2021 |
China |
January 2020 - May 2021 |
To compare consequences between 6 months
and 12 months after symptom onset among hospital survivors with COVID-19. |
Cohort study |
N/A |
Epidemiology - Natural history |
Any other body structure and function-generic (s/b) |
Post-Covid |
COVID-19 |
1276 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
symptoms, mMRC score, health-related quality of life, distance walked in 6 min (6MWD), lung
function, chest CT pattern, outpatient visit and hospital admission after discharge, and work status
at follow-up |
This study reports about 1276 COVID-19 patients (681 (53%) male, mean age 59 years). They were
assessed at 6 and 12 months after symptom onset.
The main finding is represented by the rate of change in functional outcomes 12 months after symptom
onset in COVID-19 patients (hospitalized). The proportion of patients with at least one sequelae
symptom decreased from 68% (831/1227) at 6 months to 49% (620/1272) at 12 months (p<0·0001). The
proportion of patients with dyspnoea, characterized by mMRC score of 1 or more, slightly
increased from 26% (313/1185) at 6-month visit to 30% (380/1271) at 12-month visit (p=0·014). No
significant difference in 6MWD was observed between 6 months and 12 months. 88% (422/479) of
patients who were employed before COVID-19 had returned to their original work at 12
months. |
|
|
|
|
|
This study reports about 1276 COVID-19 patients (681 (53%) male, mean age 59 years). They were
assessed at 6 and 12 months after symptom onset.
The main finding is represented by the rate of change in functional outcomes 12 months after symptom
onset in COVID-19 patients (hospitalized). The proportion of patients with at least one sequelae
symptom decreased from 68% at 6 months to 49% at 12 months (p<0·0001). The proportion of patients
with dyspnoea, characterized by mMRC score of 1 or more, slightly increased from 26% at 6-month
visit to 30% at 12-month visit (p=0·014). No significant difference in 6MWD was observed between
6 months and 12 months. 88% (422/479) of patients who were employed before COVID-19 had returned
to their original work at 12 months. |
| Johnsen S |
10.1183/23120541.00205-2021 |
2021 |
Denmark |
From March 15 to August 31, 2020. |
To systematically describe and measure pulmonary and extra-pulmonary post-COVID-19 complications in
relation to acute COVID-19 severity. |
Cross-sectional study |
N/A |
Epidemiology - Prevalence/Incidence |
Any other body structure and function-generic (s/b) |
Post-Covid |
COVID-19 |
57 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
COPD Assessment Test, MRC dyspnoea score,EQ-5D-5L ,WPAI, Lung function testing, CFQ, 1-MSTST, CPET,
HRCT, SCIP-D, TMTB |
|
|
|
|
|
|
This study reports about 57 COVID-19 patients (mean age 51±13, 49% male) who were evaluated in the
respiratory outpatient clinic 3 months after discharge (hospitalised group) or resolution of the
acute disease for patients referred by their general practitioner because of persistent
post-COVID-19 symptoms. The main finding is that all 34 initially hospitalised patients and 22 out
of 23 non-hospitalised patients had at least one complaint or abnormal finding 3 months post
COVID-19. Most noteworthy, in the cohort of hospitalised patients, DLCO decreased below normal and
HRCT abnormalities were found in about half of patients with the most common abnormality being
ground-glass opacities. |
| Kaspersen KA et al. |
10.1016/j.ijid.2021.06.017 |
2021 |
Denmark |
From May to August, 2020 |
To investigate the prevalence of COVID-19-associated symptoms obtained from self-reported
questionnaires in a large cohort of patients with mild and asymptomatic infections. |
Cross-sectional study |
N/A |
Epidemiology - Prevalence/Incidence |
Respiratory structures (s430) and related functions (Respiration b440-455) |
Ongoing |
COVID-19 |
447 |
N/A |
N/A |
Seronegative subjects (10691) |
Self-reported symptom type and duration |
|
|
|
|
|
|
This study reports about 11 138 healthcare and administrative personnel that were tested for
SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Out of the total population, 447 (4%) reported to be seropositive (mean age
44 years, 9 % males, BMI 24, with mild and asymptomatic infections). The main findings is
represented by a higher risk of reporting symptoms (fever, dyspnoea, muscle or joint ache, fatigue,
cough, headache and sore throat, even persisting for more than 30 days), with the strongest
association observed for loss of sense of taste and smell (OR = 35.6; 95% CI: 28.6–44.3), in
seropositive subjects with respect to seronegative subjects. |
| Kayaaslan B et al |
10.1002/jmv.27198 |
2021 |
Turkey |
December 2020 and February 2021 |
to investigate the prevalence and characteristics
of the post‐COVID syndrome among COVID‐19 survivors and to determine the
factors associated with persistent symptoms. |
Cross-sectional study |
N/A |
Epidemiology - Prevalence/Incidence |
Any other body structure and function-generic (s/b) |
Post-Covid |
COVID-19 |
1007 |
participants
who have had COVID‐19 at least 3 months before |
N/A |
N/A |
General systemic symptoms, Respiratory symptoms,Neuropsychiatric
system symptoms, |
|
|
|
|
|
General systemic symptoms including
fatigue or easy fatigability, myalgia, and loss of weight were the most
frequent persistent symptoms, and at least one of them was present
in 29.3% of patients.Respiratory symptoms (25.4%) were the second common persistent symptoms and
one‐fifth of the patients
complained of dyspnea.Neuropsychiatric system symptoms were the third most common system symptoms
(24.2%). Concentration or memory deficit (16.2%) and insomnia (9.6%) were the most frequent
neurologic symptoms and followed by headache (5.7%).Hair losswas reported as a frequent
dermatological symptom by COVID‐19 survivors (16.5%). |
This study reports about 1007 COVID-19 patients (mean age, 54.4% male, at least one comorbid disease
:54.4%, needed oxygen support during hospitalization: 59.6%). They were assessed at a median time of
20 weeks of symptom onset. The main finding is represented by the rate of persistent fatigue or easy
fatigability, myalgia, and loss of weight in post- COVID19 patients at 5 months. At least one of
those was present in 29.3% of patients. Respiratory symptoms (25.4%) were the second common
persistent symptoms and one‐fifth of the patients complained of dyspnea. Neuropsychiatric system
symptoms were the third most common system symptoms (24.2%). Concentration or memory deficit (16.2%)
and insomnia (9.6%) were the most frequent neurologic symptoms and followed by headache (5.7%). Hair
loss was reported as a frequent dermatological symptom by COVID‐19 survivors (16.5%) |
| Lal P et al. |
10.1007/s12070-021-02752-0 |
2021 |
India |
From March 1 to August 15, 2020 |
To study the presence of olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions in patients with laboratory-confirmed
COVID-19. |
Inception Cohort study |
N/A |
Epidemiology - Prevalence/Incidence |
Nervous system structures (s1) and related functions (Sensory functions and pain b2) |
Ongoing |
COVID-19 |
47 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
Subjective improvement in olfactory or gustatory symptoms and an approximate duration of recovery.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
This study reports about 47 COVID-19 hospitalized patients who were interviewed about the
persistence of olfactory/gustatory disorders complained of in the acute phase (mean age 34.53(10.82)
years with the most common age group affected as 20–29 years old; mostly females). They were
identified based on a clinical registry review of 435 COVID-19 cases. Patients with previous history
of changes in smell or taste sensation, severely ill at the time of admission, with history of
taking drugs at the time of COVID-19 infection that affect the smell or taste sensation were
excluded. The mean recovery for olfactory dysfunction was 12.1 days. At 6 weeks follow-up only 3
patients were still experiencing incomplete recovery of olfactory dysfunction, and 1 of gustatory
disfunction. |
| LaVergne SMet al |
10.1186/s12879-021-06359-2 |
2021 |
USA |
since July 2020 |
to study differential
multi-organ system responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection, post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC), and
vaccination |
Inception Cohort study |
N/A |
Epidemiology - Natural history |
Any other body structure and function-generic (s/b) |
Post-Covid |
COVID-19 |
119 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
any Post acute sequelae (PASC) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
This study reports about 119 COVID-19 patients (mean age 50.3 years, 44.5% male).They were assessed
up to 8 months of symptom onset. The main finding is represented by the rate of persistent fatigue,
loss of smell, loss of taste, exercise intolerance, and cognitive dysfunction in COVID19 patients up
to 8 months: Forty-nine percent of them had Post-acute sequelae (PASC) at any time during follow-up
(up to 8 months post infection). Ninety-three percent of hospitalized participants developed PASC,
while 23% of those not requiring hospitalization developed PASC. At 90–174 days post SARS-CoV-2
diagnosis, 67% of all participants had persistent symptoms (N = 37 of 55), and 85% percent of
participants who required hospitalization during initial infection (N = 20) still had symptoms.
|
| Li J et al |
10. 1136/ thoraxjnl- 2021-
217382 |
2021 |
China |
between 22 April and May
28 2020 |
to investigate possible superiority of a telerehabilitation
programme for COVID-19 (TERECO)
over no rehabilitation with regard to functional
exercise capacity, lower limb muscle strength (LMS), pulmonary function, perceived dyspnoea and
health-related
quality of life in formerly hospitalised COVID-19 survivors |
Randomised controlled trial |
Rehabilitation services at home |
Micro - Interventions (efficacy/harms) |
Respiratory structures (s430) and related functions (Respiration b440-455) |
Post-Covid |
COVID-19 |
120 |
patients discharded from hospitals |
unsupervised 6-week
home exercise
programme delivered through a smartphone application called
RehabApp and monitored with a chest-worn
heart rate (HR)
telemetry device.. 3–4
sessions per week. It included (i) breathing control and thoracic
expansion, (ii) aerobic exercise and (iii) LMS exercises specified
in a three-tiered
exercise plan with difficulty and intensity scheduled
to increase over time |
short educational
instructions at baseline |
functional exercise capacity at post-treatment
measured with the 6 min walking test (6MWT). Pulmonary
function was evaluated by spirometry. Health-related
quality
of life (HRQOL) was evaluated with the Short Form Health
Survey-12 (SF-12) |
any reported |
|
|
|
|
|
This study reports about 120 COVID-19 survivors complaining for persistent dyspnoea at 70 days
(+/-16.8) of hospital discharge (53 male; mean age: 50.61 +/-10.98 years) who were randomised to
receive an unsupervised 6-week home exercise programme delivered through a smartphone application
called RehabApp and monitored with a chest-worn heart rate (HR) (59 cases-TERECO group), or short
educational instructions (61 controls) . Outcomes were assessed at 6 and 28 weeks (follow-up).The
TERECO group showed a significant improvement in 6MWD, increasing by 65.45 m (95% CI 43.8 to 87.1; p
<0.001) at post treatment and 68.62 m (95% CI 46.39 to 90.85; p<0.001) at follow-up. Quality of life
(SF-12 physical component) also improved, whereas no group differences were found for lung
function except post-treatment maximum voluntary ventilation. |
| Lindhal A et al. |
10.1080/23744235.2021.1965210 |
2021 |
Finland |
From March to June, 2020 |
To evaluate subjective long-term symptoms and their effect on the quality of life in Finnish
COVID-19 survivors and the association of these with the individual patient-based and in-hospital
factors. |
Cross-sectional study |
N/A |
Epidemiology - Prevalence/Incidence |
Respiratory structures (s430) and related functions (Respiration b440-455) |
Post-Covid |
COVID-19 |
101 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
A survey on demographics and comorbidities, ten specific symptoms, and a RAND-36 quality of life
questionnaire. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
This study reports about 101 COVID-19 patients (mean age 60 years, mean BMI 28.6, 53 % males, all of
them needed hospitalization for a mean length of stay of 15 days). They were assessed 3 months after
recovery. Main findings: 90% of patients still experienced symptoms, the most common of which were
tiredness (88%), fatigue (79%), sleeping problems (76%), and dyspnoea (70%). Women showed a lower
QoL in seven of eight dimensions. Five explanatory variables for the reduced quality of life were
identified in multivariate analysis: age, female sex, BMI, sleep apnoea, and duration of mechanical
ventilation. |
| Lombardi F et al |
10.1186/s12890-021-01594-4 |
2021 |
Italy |
between April
22nd and May 27th, 2020 |
to investigate the prevalence of respiratory impairment
in a cohort of COVID-19 patients after hospital
discharge and to determine the relationship between
the severity of pulmonary involvement during hospitalization
and the extent of residual clinical and functional
abnormalities |
Cross-sectional study |
N/A |
Epidemiology - Prevalence/Incidence |
Respiratory structures (s430) and related functions (Respiration b440-455) |
Ongoing |
COVID-19 |
86 |
previous hospitalization
for COVID-19; radiological evidence of interstitial
pneumonia at the time of hospital admission;
nasopharyngeal swab negative for SARS-Cov-2 in the
48–72 h before study enrolment. |
N/A |
N/A |
physical examination, resting ABG, pulmonary function
tests (PFT) with DLCO, and 6MWT |
|
|
|
|
|
On PFTs, lung volumes were overall preserved yet, mean percent predicted residual volume was
slightly reduced (74.8 ± 18.1%). Percent predicted diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) was
also mildly reduced (77.2 ± 16.5%). Patients reported residual breathlessness at the time of the
visit (VAS 19.8, p < 0.001). Patients with p/F below 200 during hospitalization had lower percent
predicted forced vital capacity (p=0.005), lower percent predicted total lung capacity
(p=0.012), lower DLCO (p < 0.001) and shorter 6MWT distance (p=0.004) than patients with higher
p/F. Approximately one month after hospital discharge, patients with COVID-19 can have residual
respiratory impairment, including lower exercise tolerance. The extent of this impairment seems
to correlate with the severity of respiratory failure during hospitalization. |
This study reports about 86 COVID-19 patients (mean age 58 years, 67% male). They were assessed at
35 days post hospital discharge The main finding is represented by the rate of persistent
respiratory impairment , including breathlessness and lower exercise tolerance . On PFTs, lung
volumes were overall preserved yet, mean percent predicted residual volume was slightly reduced
(74.8 ± 18.1%). Percent predicted diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) was also mildly
reduced (77.2 ± 16.5%). Patients reported residual breathlessness at the time of the visit (VAS
19.8, p < 0.001). Patients with p/F below 200 during hospitalization had lower percent predicted
forced vital capacity (p=0.005), lower percent predicted total lung capacity (p=0.012), lower
DLCO (p < 0.001) and shorter 6MWT distance (p=0.004) than patients with higher p/F. |
| Maestre-Muñiz MM et al |
10.3390/jcm10132945 |
2021 |
Spain |
From March 1 to June 1, 2020 |
To evaluate the long-term consequences of the disease among survivors at 1 year follow-up |
Cross-sectional study |
N/A |
Epidemiology - Prevalence/Incidence |
Respiratory structures (s430) and related functions (Respiration b440-455) |
Post-Covid |
COVID-19 |
543 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
Clinical data, mortality, symptoms. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
This study reports about 543 COVID-19 survivors assessed at one year of COVID-19 diagnosis, out of a
total 766 people with COVID-19 diagnosis in the acute phase. One-year mortality rate was 29%. Mean
age of the total sample was 65.7 years, 50.7 % males; no demographic data is available about those
who survived at one-year and were interviewed. Main findings: 90.1% of patients who needed
hospitalization in the acute phase and 80.4% of those discharged from the emergency room (with mild
symptoms) complained of persistent symtoms, most commonly breathlessness (41.6%), tiredness (35.4%),
ageusia (30.2%), and anosmia (26.3%). |
| Martin-Martinez A |
10.1016/j.clnu.2021.06.010 |
2021 |
Spain |
From 14th April to 30th July 2020 |
To assess the prevalence, risk factors and clinical outcomes of oropharyngeal dysphagia and
malnutrition in a general hospital during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. |
Inception Cohort study |
N/A |
Epidemiology - Natural history |
Digestive functions (b510) |
Post-Covid |
COVID-19 |
205 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
Clinical assessment of dysphagia (Volume- Viscosity Swallowing Test), nutritional screening
(NRS2002) and assessment (GLIM criteria), Barthel Index. The outcomes were assessed at pre-admission
in general wards, admission and discharge, and after 3 and 6-months follow-up. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
This study reports about 205 COVID-19 patients hospitalized in general wards (69.28 ± 17.52 years,
Charlson 3.74 ± 2.62, mean hospital stay 16.8 ± 13.0 days). The main finding is represented by a
high prevalence and burden of oropharyngeal dysphagia and malnutrition in patients hospitalized in
COVID-19 wards with a high rate of symptom persistence at 6 months . At admission, Barthel Index was
81.3 ± 30.3, dysphagia prevalence 51.7% (44.1% impaired safety of swallow); and 45.5% developed
malnutrition with a mean weight loss of 10.1 ± 5.0 kg during hospitalization. Dysphagia was an
independent risk factor for malnutrition during hospitalization, and hospitalization was prolonged
in patients with malnutrition compared with those without (21.9 ± 14.8 vs 11.9 ± 8.9 days,
respectively). Dysphagia was independently associated with comorbidities, neurological symptoms, and
low functionality. At 6-month follow-up, the prevalence of dysphagia was still 23.3% and that of
malnutrition only 7.1%. Patients with dysphagia at discharge showed reduced 6-month survival than
those without at discharge (71.6% vs 92.9%). In contrast, those with malnutrition at discharge did
not show 6-month survival differences compared to those without. The results suggest that optimizing
the management of malnutrition might shorten the hospitalization period but optimizing the
management of dysphagia will likely impact the nutritional status of COVID-19 patients and improve
their clinical outcomes and survival after hospital discharge. |
| Mittal C |
10.47203/IJCH.2021.v33i02.018 |
2021 |
India |
N/A |
To assess the prevalence of Post COVID symptoms, to assess requirement of treatment and to make
recommendation for Post COVID care. |
Cross-sectional study |
N/A |
Epidemiology - Prevalence/Incidence |
Any other body structure and function-generic (s/b) |
Ongoing |
COVID-19 |
100 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
|
|
This study reports about 100 COVID-19 who were interviewed regarding post covid symptoms in between
6 weeks to 12 weeks after recovery from COVID -19 (60 %were males.Among various age group 57%
patient belong to 20-40 age group,35% belong to 40-60 age group while only 8% were 60 years and
above. No respondent was below 20 years of age). The main finding is represented by the high
prevalence of post covid symptoms: 87% patients developed one or more. Weakness was reported to be
most common problem (55%), followed by body ache (26%) and neuropsychiatric symptoms such as
difficulty in concentration and insomnia (22%). Every fifth patient reported that symptoms persisted
for more than 1 month. Though most of the respondents classified their symptoms as mild and moderate
(52.5% and 37.9% respectively), 47% of the symptomatic patients have to take some treatment for
these symptoms. |
| Munker, D. |
10.1007/s15010-021-01669-8 |
2021 |
Germany |
Acute illness during the first wave (March to August 2020), follow-up up to december 2020. |
To Evaluate pulmonary function impairment after COVID-19 in persistently symptomatic and
asymptomatic patients of all disease severities and characterisation of risk factors. |
Cross-sectional study |
N/A |
Epidemiology - Prevalence/Incidence |
Respiratory structures (s430) and related functions (Respiration b440-455) |
Post-Covid |
COVID-19 |
76 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
Pulmonary function testing and cycle exercise blood gas analysis |
|
|
|
|
|
|
This study reports about 76 COVID-19 patients assessed 4 months after acute illness (mean age was
49.6 ± 17.4, and 43.3% were male), 35 of which were outpatients with mild disease and 41 were
hospitalized due to COVID-19 (16 with critical disease requiring mechanical ventilation, 25 with
moderate-severe disease). The main finding is represented by the rate of persistent respiratory
symptoms (44 patients,58%) at 4-month follow-up. Significant pulmonary function impairment was
prevalent in 40 patients (52.6%) occurring among all disease severities. The most common cause was
reduced DLCOcSB (51.3%), followed by reduced TLC and FVC. The severity of the pulmonary function
impairment was significantly associated with mechanical ventilation. Further risk factors for DLCO
impairment were COPD, SARS-CoV-2 antibody-Titer, and in hospitalized patients CT score. Gas exchange
abnormalities were revealed upon cycle exercise in 1/5 of patients with mild disease courses and no
preexisting pulmonary condition. |
| Nambi G et al. |
10.1177/02692155211036956
|
2021 |
Saudi Arabia |
March 2020 - April 2021 |
To investigate the effects of different aerobic training protocols combined with resistance training
in community-dwelling older adults with post-COVID-19 sarcopenia symptoms |
Randomised controlled trial |
Rehabilitation services at home |
Micro - Interventions (efficacy/harms) |
Any other body structure and function-generic (s/b) |
Post-Covid |
COVID-19 |
76 |
N/A |
Low-intensity aerobic training (n = 38) for eight weeks. Resistance training was prescribed to both
groups |
High-intensity aerobic training (n = 38) for eight weeks. |
Physical (muscle strength and muscle mass) and psychological (kinesiophobia and quality of life)
scales) measures |
This study reports about 76 COVID-19 patients divided into two groups (low-intensity aerobic
training group, mean age 63.2 ± 3.1; high-intensity aerobic training group, mean age 64.1 ± 3.2).
The patients were assessed at the baseline, fourth week, the eighth week, and at six months
follow-up. The main finding is presented by the significant differences (P < 0.001) in terms of
handgrip strength, −3.9 (95% CI −4.26 to −3.53), kinesiophobia level 4.7 (95% CI 4.24 to 5.15),
and quality of life −10.4 (95% CI −10.81 to −9.9) between low-intensity aerobic training group
rather than high-intensity aerobic training group, with better results in the low-intensity
aerobic training group. Muscle mass did not show any significant difference (P> 0.05) between
groups. |
|
|
|
|
|
This study reports about 76 COVID-19 patients with post-Covid sarcopenia who were random assigned to
two intervention groups (low-intensity aerobic training group, mean age 63.2 ± 3.1; high-intensity
aerobic training group, mean age 64.1 ± 3.2). Interval from COVID_19 onset and treatment start is
not reported. The patients were assessed at the baseline (before starting training), fourth week,
the eighth week, and at six months follow-up. The main finding is presented by the significant
differences (P < 0.001) in terms of handgrip strength, −3.9 (95% CI −4.26 to −3.53), kinesiophobia
level 4.7 (95% CI 4.24 to 5.15), and quality of life −10.4 (95% CI −10.81 to −9.9) between
low-intensity aerobic training group rather than high-intensity aerobic training group, with
better results in the low-intensity aerobic training group. Muscle mass did not show any
significant difference (P> 0.05) between groups. |
| Rodriguez-Blanco |
10.3390/medicina57070684
|
2021 |
Spain |
6–13
April 2021 |
To evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of a novel therapeutic exercise program through
telerehabilitation tools in COVID-19 patients with mild to moderate symptomatology in the acute
stage. |
Randomised controlled trial |
Rehabilitation services at home |
Micro - Interventions (efficacy/harms) |
Any other body structure and function-generic (s/b) |
Acute |
COVID-19 |
40 |
N/A |
One week telerehabilitation: Non-Specific Conditioning Exercise Program, consisting of 10 exercises
based on non-specific toning exercises of resistance and strength |
18 patients who did not perform physical activity. |
6MWT, Thirty seconds sit-to-stand test, Borg scale |
|
|
|
|
|
|
This pilot RCT study reports about 40 COVID-19 (19 women) with mild to moderate symptomatology,
confined at home by less than 40 days. They were random assigned to an experimental group receiving
muscle conditioning exercises, and a control group, who did not perform physical activity. 36
subjects, 18 in each group (mean age 39.39±11.74 in exercise group and 41.33 ±12.13 in control
group), completed the one-week intervention with 90%adherence.The main finding is represented by the
greater improvement in all outcome measures in the experimental group. No gender-related differences
in outcome were found. |
| Rousseau, A. F |
10.1186/s13613-021-00910-9 |
2021 |
Belgium |
From March 1st to July 17th, 2020 |
To describe the physical, cognitive, psychological, and biological outcomes of COVID-19 survivors at
3 months following ICU discharge. |
Cross-sectional study |
General postacute rehabilitation |
Epidemiology - Prevalence/Incidence |
Any other body structure and function-generic (s/b) |
Post-Covid |
COVID-19 |
32 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
EQ-5D-3L, PSQI, Barthel index, HADS and IES-R, MoCA |
|
|
|
|
|
|
This study reports about 32 COVID-19 patients assessed 3 months after ICU stay (median age was 62
[49–68] years; 72% were male; ICU LOS days 23 [15–39]; and nearly half received inpatient
rehabilitation following ICU discharge.)The main finding is represented by a high prevalence of
patients (87.5%) who have not regained their baseline level of daily activities. The main observed
disorders were sleep disorders (75%), cognitive impairment (44%), dependency in ADL (31%), and
mental health disorders (28%). Combined disorders were observed in 40.6% of the patients. The
quality of life was reduced as for EQ-5D-3L score at 71 [61–80]. A quarter of patients (8/32)
demonstrated a persistent inflammation based on C-reactive protein blood level. |
| Salem AM et al. |
10.2147/IJGM.S319436 |
2021 |
Saudi Arabia |
From March to October, 2020 |
To investigate the impact of COVID-19 pneumonia on pulmonary function measurements after three
months from recovery. |
Cross-sectional study |
N/A |
Epidemiology - Prevalence/Incidence |
Respiratory structures (s430) and related functions (Respiration b440-455) |
Post-Covid |
COVID-19 |
20 |
N/A |
N/A |
30 subjects that tested negative to COVID-19 testing |
Pulmonary function testing. |
This study reports about 20 COVID-19 patients (mean age 47 years, 65 % males, all of them were
hospitalized during acute phase and 2 of them needed ICU stay). They were assessed at 3 months after
recovery. They were compared to a control group of 30 subjects that resulted negative to COVID-19
testing. The main finding is represented by the 50% rate of restricted lung impairment, and the 35%
rate of mild diffusion defect in COVID19 patients at 3 months, compared to the rate respectively of
20% and 23.3% in the control group. |
|
|
|
|
|
This study reports about 20 COVID-19 patients (mean age 47 years, 65 % males, all of them were
hospitalized during acute phase and 2 of them needed ICU stay). They were assessed at 3 months after
recovery and the outcome was compared to that assessed in 30 healthy non-smoker volunteers with no
history of asthma, allergy, chronic pulmonary diseases, past COVID-19 infection, and who were
negative to COVID-19 testing. The main finding is represented by the 50% rate of restricted lung
impairment, and the 35% rate of mild diffusion defect in COVID19 patients at 3 months, compared to
the rate respectively of 20% and 23.3% in the control group. |
| Salesi M et al. |
10.34172/ipp.2021.34. |
2021 |
Iran |
From February to May, 2020 |
To understand whether the presence of the disease itself or the use of glucocorticoids and DMARDs in
patients with concurrent RD and COVID-19 increases or decreases the severity of symptoms and
outcome. |
Cohort study |
N/A |
Epidemiology - Natural history |
Respiratory structures (s430) and related functions (Respiration b440-455) |
Acute, post-acute, late-onset, or permanent on a pre-existing health condition |
COVID-19 and concurrent RD |
19 |
N/A |
N/A |
200 subjects with COVID-19 without RD . |
Severity of symptoms. |
This study reports about 200 COVID-19 patients (mean age 54 years, 69 % males, all of them were
hospitalized during acute phase and 17% needed ICU stay). They were assessed at 3 months after
recovery. They were assessed from hospital presentation and followed-up for 12 weeks. They were
compared to a control group of 19 patients with concurrent RD and COVID-19. The main finding is
represented by the higher rate of respiratory symptoms in the RD compared to the NRD group after,
but not before, recovery. However, no difference was found between the RD patient who received
corticosteroid as a treatment and those who did not. |
|
|
|
|
|
This study reports about 19 patients with Rheumatic disease (RD) and concurrent COVID-19 (mean age
58.26±12.77 years, 66 % males), hospitalized during acute phase, longitudinally assessed from
hospital presentation up to 12 weeks. They were compared to a control group of 200 COVID-19 patients
without concurrent RD . The main finding is represented by the higher rate of respiratory symptoms
in the RD compared to the NRD group after, but not before, recovery. No difference was found between
the RD subjects who received corticosteroid as a treatment and those who did not. An increased risk
for severe forms of COVID-19 is estimated in RD patients. This risk is possibly attributable to a
high prevalence of comorbidities . |
| Salmon-Ceron D et al |
10.1016/j.jinf.2020.12.002 |
2021 |
France |
May 2020 |
to describe the clinical, biological and
imaging profile of patients with persistent or resurgent
symptomsin order to suggest a classification
of the symptoms and raise hypotheses about their pathophysiology. |
Cross-sectional study |
N/A |
Epidemiology - Prevalence/Incidence |
Any other body structure and function-generic (s/b) |
Post-Covid |
COVID-19 |
70 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
Major fatigue or exhaustion
- Neurological symptoms,.
- Cardiothoracic symptoms
- Muscular or/and articular pains
- ENT symptoms: persistent or recurrent anosmia, hyposmia
and/or dysgeusia .
- Gastro-intestinal symptoms n.
- Skin and vascular symptoms ). |
|
|
|
|
|
Major fatigue or exhaustion for 51 patients (72.9%)
- Neurological symptoms, in 54 (77.1%). Those were divided into
neuro-cognitive disorders (such as memory, mood or attention
disorders), headaches, sensory disturbances (such as balance
disorders, tingling, burning sensations and neurogenic pains), or
others (swallowing or speech disorders, thermoregulation disorders).
- Cardiothoracic symptoms in 50 patients (71.4%): chest pain and
tightness, palpitations, cough, dyspnea.
- Muscular or/and articular pains for 20 (25.7%).
- ENT symptoms: persistent or recurrent anosmia, hyposmia
and/or dysgeusia for 21 (30%).
- Gastro-intestinal symptoms for 17 (24.3%): diarrhea, nausea/
vomiting, epigastric or abdominal pain.
- Skin and vascular symptoms in 10 (14.4%). |
This study reports about 70 COVID-19 patients (median age 45 years, 21.4% male). They were assessed
at1-2 months after symptoms onset The main finding is represented by the rate of persistent major
fatigue or exhaustion (72.9%), neurological symptoms (77.1%) such as neuro-cognitive disorders,
headache, sensory disturbances or others (swallowing or speech disorders, thermoregulation
disorders). Patients also reported cardiothoracic symptoms (71.4%) such as chest pain and tightness,
palpitations, cough, dyspnea, muscular or/and articular pains (25.7%), persistent or recurrent
anosmia, hyposmia and/or dysgeusia (30%), gastro-intestinal symptoms (24.3%) such as diarrhea,
nausea/vomiting, epigastric or abdominal pain, skin and vascular symptoms (14.4%).
|
| Sathyamurthy P et al. |
10.7759/cureus.17189 |
2021 |
India |
August-November 2020 |
To analyze a cohort of older adults hospitalized with COVID-19 for the presence, prevalence, and
patterns of post-COVID-19 syndrome alongside their functional outcomes 90 days after their recovery
and discharge from the hospital. |
Cross-sectional study |
N/A |
Epidemiology - Prevalence/Incidence |
Any Activity limitation and participation restriction (d) |
Post-Covid |
COVID-19 elderly patients |
279 |
Hospitalized older adults |
N/A |
M/M (mild to moderate illness) vs. S/C (severe to critical illness) |
functional outcomes |
This study reports about 279 COVID-19 patients (178 (63.8%) male, mean age 71 years). They were
assessed 90 days after discharge. The main finding is represented by the prevalence of fatigue
(8.9%)
followed by cough (4.3%), breathlessness (1.8%), dizziness (1.4%), myalgia (1.1%), loss of smell and
taste (0.8%), and chest discomfort (0.7%). There was no difference in the prevalence of persisting
symptoms between men and women. The prevalence of post-COVID-19 syndrome (two or more clinical
features) was significantly high among severe to critical illness patients (14% vs. 6%) when
compared with mild to moderate ilness patients (p = 0.50).
followed by cough (4.3%), breathlessness (1.8%), dizziness (1.4%), myalgia (1.1%), loss of smell and
taste (0.8%), and chest discomfort (0.7%). There was no difference in the prevalence of persisting
symptoms between men and women. |
|
|
|
|
|
This study reports about 279 COVID-19 patients older than 65 (178 (63.8%) male, mean age 71 years),
who were interviewed 90 days after hospital discharge. Clinically, 58.4%) patients suffered from
mild/moderate disease, whereas 41.6% from severe/critical COVID-19. The main finding is represented
by the prevalence of fatigue (8.9%) followed by cough (4.3%), breathlessness (1.8%), dizziness
(1.4%), myalgia (1.1%), loss of smell and taste (0.8%), and chest discomfort (0.7%). There was no
difference in the prevalence of persisting symptoms between men and women. 23.6% patients reported
the presence of at least one clinical feature while 9.3% had two or more clinical features, with
this risk being greater among severe to critical illness patients compared with mild to moderate
ilness patients (14% vs. 6%) (p = 0.50). Most older adults retained their baseline functional status
after 90 days of recovery from acute COVID-19.
|
| Seeßle, J |
10.1093/cid/ciab611 |
2021 |
Germany |
From 22nd of February 2020 to 18th of April 2020 |
To better understand the long-term course and etiology of COVID-19 symptoms |
Inception Cohort study |
N/A |
Epidemiology - Natural history |
Any other body structure and function-generic (s/b) |
Post-Covid |
COVID-19 |
96 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
symptoms assessment, antinuclear antibodies (ANA) titers , and SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels, SF12 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
This study reports about 96 patients (median age 57; 55.2% females; 32.3% hospitalised)
systematically assessed at 5, 9, and 12 months after COVID-19 symptom onset.
The main findings are represented by: 1) At month 12, only 22.9% of patients were completely free of
symptoms and the most frequent symptoms were reduced exercise capacity (56.3%), fatigue (53.1%),
dyspnoea (37.5%), concentration problems (39.6%), problems finding words (32.3%), and sleeping
problems (26.0%). 2) Compared to patients without symptoms, patients with at least one long COVID
symptom at 12 months did not differ significantly with respect to their
SARS-CoV-2-antibody levels, but had a significantly reduced physical and mental life quality
compared to patients without symptoms. 3) Females showed significantly more neurocognitive symptoms
than males. 4) Several neurocognitive symptoms were associated with ANA titre elevations rendering
autoimmunity a potential cofactor in aetiology of long COVID. |
| Skjørten I et al |
10.1183/13993003.00996-2021 |
2021 |
Norway |
between June 1, 2020 and september 2020 |
to describe cardiopulmonary function during exercise 3 months
after hospital discharge for COVID-19 and compare groups according to dyspnea and
intensive care unit (ICU) stay. |
Cross-sectional study |
N/A |
Epidemiology - Prevalence/Incidence |
Respiratory structures (s430) and related functions (Respiration b440-455) |
Post-Covid |
COVID-19 |
156 |
N/A |
N/A |
Normal values from a Norwegian reference population with similar comorbidities |
Peak oxygen uptake (VO2), Dyspnea, Ventilatory efficiency, Breathing
reserve assessed 3 months after dischage |
|
|
|
|
|
|
This study reports about 156 COVID-19 patients (median age 56.2 years, 61.6% male). They were
assessed at 3 months after hospital. The main finding is represented by a reduction of ventilatory
efficiency in 15% of participants and of breathing reserve <15% in 16% . Oxygen pulse <80% of
predicted was found in 18%. Dyspnea (mMRC ≥1) was reported by 38%. In participants treated at
ICU vs. non-ICU, mean peak (SD) VO2 % of predicted were 82 (15)% and 90 (17)% (p=0.004),
respectively. Ventilation, breathing reserve, and ventilatory efficiency were similar between
the ICU and non-ICU groups.. |
| Stavrou VT, |
10.3390/jpm11080806 |
2021 |
Greece |
From September 2020 to December 2020 |
To determine the impact of unsupervised Pulmonary Rehabilitation (uns-PR) on patients recovering
from COVID-19, and determine its anthropometric, biological, demographic and fitness correlates.
|
Non randomised controlled trial |
Rehabilitation services at home |
Micro - Interventions (efficacy/harms) |
Any other body structure and function-generic (s/b) |
Post-Covid |
COVID-19 |
20 |
N/A |
unsupervised Pulmonary rehabilitation. Adherence to the program was determined via 2 phone calls per
week prior to the visit. |
This is a before-after study where subjects serve as their own controls |
Anthropometric characteristics and body composition,Pulmonary function test, Oxidative stress
biomarkers, 6 MWT, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index |
|
|
|
|
|
|
This study reports about 20 COVID-19 patients (age: 64.1 ± 9.9 years, 75% male) who participated in
unsupervised Pulmonary Rehabilitation (uns-PR) program for eight weeks. The main findings were that
after uns-PR significant improvement were observed in all outcome measures, during 6MWT (i.e.
systolic blood pressure, heart rate , oxygen saturation, dyspnea at the end of 6 MWT, distance ,
estimated O2 uptake, plasma antioxidant capacity, body composition parameters and muscle mass). The
authors support the implementation of unsupervised pulmonary rehabilitation programs in patients
following COVID-19 recovery, targeting the improvement of many aspects of long COVID-19 syndrome.
|
| Stute NL rt al. |
doi: 10.1113/EP089820 |
2021 |
USA |
NR |
to investigate whether central and peripheral hemodynamics during handgrip exercise were different
in young adults 3-4 weeks following infection with of SARS-CoV-2 compared
with young healthy adults. |
Cross-sectional study |
N/A |
Epidemiology - Prevalence/Incidence |
Cardiovascular functions (Heart b410) |
Acute |
COVID-19 |
13 |
|
N/A |
13 otherwise healthy young adults whose data were
collected prior to the COVID-19 pandemic |
Symptom Severity. Central hemodynamics, Peripheral hemodynamics during handgrip exercise |
|
|
|
|
|
|
This study reports about 13 young adults who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 in the prior 3-4 weeks
and 13 age-matched healthy controls (mean age 21 years in COVID patients, 27 years in control
subjects , 61% male in either group).They were assessed up to 25 days after testing positive for
SARS-CoV-2. The main finding is represented by higher systolic blood pressure, end systolic arterial
pressure, and rate pressure product in the SARS-CoV-2 group during exercise at 45%MVC compared with
controls; lower brachial artery BF and brachial artery vascular conductance at both 30%MVC .The
shear-induced dilation of the brachial artery
increased similarly across exercise intensities in the two groups, suggesting the decrease in
exercising blood flow may be due to microvascular impairments.
|
| Taylor, R. R |
10.7861/clinmed.2021-0037
|
2021 |
UK |
November 2020 |
To describe the post-COVID symptoms of patients stratified by severity of acute COVID-19 infection.
|
Cross-sectional study |
N/A |
Epidemiology - Prevalence/Incidence |
Any other body structure and function-generic (s/b) |
Post-Covid |
COVID-19 |
675 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
|
|
This study reports about a total 675 COVID-19 patients interviewed after 12 weeks of hospital
discharge (of which, 129 were high-risk pneumonia patients , mean age 57.1±12.9; 68%male; and 376
were low-risk pneumonia patients, mean age 59.3±16.2; 59%male), or after 12 weeks of confirmed or
suspected COVID (n=130 home treated subjects, mean age 46.8; ±12.9; 42%male).
The main findings is represented by the high prevalence of physical health and mental health
symptoms in hospital-treated patients following both ‘high-risk’ and ‘low-risk’ acute COVID
pneumonia and in community-referred patients. The most common was fatigue (50.3% of high- risk
patients, 46.8% of low risk, and 82.3%of community ). Pneumonia severity in the acute phase is not a
predictor of long COVID symptoms. |
| Tempany M et al. |
10.1093/occmed/kqab109 |
2021 |
Ireland |
From June to November, 2020 |
To assess the prevalence and nature of persistent symptoms among HCWs presenting for duty, who had
either (i) nominally recovered from clinically apparent and PCR diagnosed infection or (ii)
demonstrated evidence of previous sub-clinical COVID-19 infection by having reactive antibody
results. |
Cross-sectional study |
N/A |
Epidemiology - Prevalence/Incidence |
Respiratory structures (s430) and related functions (Respiration b440-455) |
Post-Covid |
COVID-19 |
217 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
Degree of recovery and persistent symptoms. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
This study reports about 217 COVID-19 patients, 139 PCR positive and 78 antibody positive (the range
of the age was 20 to 69 with no information about median and mean, 80 % males, only 59% truly
symptomatic in the acute phase). All were assessed at least 3 months after COVID-19 diagnosis. Among
the first group, only 19% reported feeling 100% recovered, and 71% reported persistent symptoms.
Among the latter group 39% still complained of residual symptoms. |
| Trevissón-Redondo B et al. |
10.3390/ijerph18147258 |
2021 |
Spain |
From March to December, 2020 |
To evaluate ADLs using the Barthel Index before and after infection with the severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in a population of geriatric inpatients. |
Inception Cohort study |
N/A |
Epidemiology - Natural history |
Any Activity limitation and participation restriction (d) |
Post-Covid |
COVID-19 |
68 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
BI |
|
|
|
|
|
|
This study reports about 68 geriatric subjects living in nursing homes who were hospitalized due to
COVID-19 (mean age 85.9 years, 50% males, BMI 24). The Barthel index assessed within the 3 months
preceding COVID-19 onset was compared to the BI assessed in the 3 month-period following COVID-19
onset. The main findings is represented by the reduced independence in ADLs of institutionalized
elderly in nursing homes after experiencing COVID-19, regardless of gender. |
| Van Veenendaal et al. |
10.3390/healthcare9070865
|
2021 |
Netherlands |
March-September 2020 |
To assess the long-term physical, social and psychological functioning of COVID-19 ICU-survivors and
their family members |
Cohort study |
N/A |
Epidemiology - Natural history |
Any Activity limitation and participation restriction (d) |
Post-Covid |
COVID-19 and family members |
60 COVID-19 ICU-survivors and 78 family members |
COVID-19 ICU survivors |
N/A |
N/A |
Physical functioning, frailty, spirometry, social functioning, return to work, psychological
functioning.
Results: Sixty COVID-19 ICU-survivors and 78 family members participated in this study |
This study reports about 60 COVID-19 ICU-survivors (mean age 62.5 (55.3–68.0) ; 41 male) and 78
family members (mean age 56.0 (41.0–63.0), 20 male). They were assessed at three- and six months
following ICU discharge. The main finding is represented by the levels of physical functioning
impairment in ICU-survivors (33.3 (IQR 16.7–66.7) and 50 (IQR 16.7–83.3) out of 100 at 3- and
6-month follow-ups). Ninety percent of ICUsurvivors reported persistent symptoms after 6 months.
Social functioning was impaired since 90% of COVID-19 ICU-survivors at 6 months. Psychological
functioning was unaffected in COVID-19 ICU-survivors. Family members experienced worse work status
in 35% and 34% of cases, including a decrease in work rate among 18.3% and 7.4% of cases at 3- and
6-months. Sixty-three percent of family members reported impaired well-being. |
|
|
|
|
|
This study reports about 60 COVID-19 ICU-survivors (mean age 62.5 (55.3–68.0) ; 41 male) and 78
family members (mean age 56.0 (41.0–63.0), 20 male). They were assessed at three- and six months
following ICU discharge. The main finding is represented by the levels of physical functioning
impairment in ICU-survivors (33.3 (IQR 16.7–66.7) and 50 (IQR 16.7–83.3) out of 100 at 3- and
6-month follow-ups). Ninety percent of ICUsurvivors reported persistent symptoms after 6 months.
Social functioning was impaired since 90% of COVID-19 ICU-survivors at 6 months. Psychological
functioning was unaffected in COVID-19 ICU-survivors. Family members experienced worse work status
in 35% and 34% of cases, including a decrease in work rate among 18.3% and 7.4% of cases at 3- and
6-months. Sixty-three percent of family members reported impaired well-being. |
| Walsh-Messinger J et al. |
10.1101/2020.11.24.20238261 |
2021 |
USA |
From October 7 to November 11, 2020 |
To investigate the prevalence and features of post- COVID syndrome in a sample of university
students with mild to moderate acute illness severity. |
Cross-sectional study |
N/A |
Epidemiology - Prevalence/Incidence |
Respiratory structures (s430) and related functions (Respiration b440-455) |
Post-Covid |
COVID-19 |
43 |
N/A |
N/A |
Patients that fully recovered from COVID-19 and subjects not diagnosed with COVID-19 |
Self-reported symptoms |
|
|
|
|
|
|
This study reports about 148 students involved in an online survey . Out of the entire population
analyzed, 43 were COVID-19 patients assessed at 86 days (on average) after COVID-19 onset (22 of
them complained of symptoms lasting≥28 days; mean age 19 years, 36% males; whereas 21 were fully
recovered; mean age 19 years, 33% males), 58 were COVID-19 test negative (mean age 19 years, 36%
males), whereas the remaining were not clinically diagnosed with COVID-19.
Main finding: 51% of partecipants who contracted COVID-19 were still experiencing symptoms and all
but one of them were females. |
| Zampogna E et al. |
10.36416/1806-3756/e20210076 |
2021 |
Italy |
From May 27 to September 17, 2020 |
To evaluate the exercise capacity of patients four weeks after discharge from an acute care facility
and after a three-month follow-up. |
Cohort study |
Specialized outpatient rehabilitation |
Epidemiology - Natural history |
Respiratory structures (s430) and related functions (Respiration b440-455) |
Ongoing |
COVID-19 |
30 |
N/A |
N/A |
Patients were divided in two groups of 15 patients each, according to the results of the 6MWT (<75%
of the predicted value group and ≥75% group) |
Pulmonary function testing, SPPB, Euro QoL VAS. |
This study reports about 30 COVID-19 patients (mean age 63.6 years, 70 % males, all of them were
hospitalized during acute phase and needed ICU stay). They were assessed at two time-points: three
to five weeks after discharge and three months later. Patients were divided in two groups of 15
patients each, according to the results of the 6MWT (<75% of the predicted value group and ≥75%
group). Exercise capacity and functional status values returned to predicted values in patients
of both group at the end of the follow-up; however, only the subjects in the <75% group showed
significant improvements in dyspnea and lower extremity function. |
|
|
|
|
|
This study reports about 30 COVID-19 patients (mean age 63.6 years, 70 % males, all of them were
hospitalized during acute phase and needed ICU stay). They were assessed at two time-points: three
to five weeks after discharge and three months later. Patients were analysed in subgroups based on
the results of the 6MWT (<75% of the predicted value group and ≥75% group). Exercise capacity and
functional status values returned to predicted values in patients of both groups at the end of
the follow-up; however, only the subjects in the <75% group showed significant improvements in
dyspnea and lower extremity function. |
| Zhou M. et al |
10.3389/fmed.2021.682087
|
2021 |
China |
between
March 5th and March 31st, 2020 |
To investigate whether coronavirus disease 2019
(COVID-19) survivors who had different disease severities have different levels of
pulmonary sequelae at 3 months post-discharge. |
Cohort study |
N/A |
Epidemiology - Natural history |
Respiratory structures (s430) and related functions (Respiration b440-455) |
Post-Covid |
COVID-19 |
146 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
Static and dynamic lung volumes;The lung diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) and
per-unit alveolar volume (DLCO/VA);pulmonary function parameters were expressed as a percentage
of the predicted value (e.g., FEV1% pred, TLC% pred, FVC%
pred, RV% pred, DLCO% pred, etc.,), Ground glass opacity (GGO) and solid components (SC) at CT scan;
quality-of-life evaluation
(St. George Respiratory Questionnaire [SGRQ]) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
This study reports about 146 subjects, 95 recovered from severe/critical COVID-19 (SPs), 51
recovered from mild/moderate disease (MPs). Volunteers who recovered from asymptomatic COVID-19 from
an isolation hotel (28) and uninfected healthy controls from the community (42) were recruited as
controls. COVID -19 subjects were assessed 3 months after hospital discharge. The SGRQ scores were
highest in the SPs, while APs had slightly higher SGRQ scores than those of HCs; 85.1% of SPs and
68.0% of MPs still had residual CT abnormalities, mainly ground-glass opacity (GGO) followed by
strip-like fibrosis at 3 months after discharge, but the pneumonic lesions were largely absorbed in
the recovered SPs or MPs relative to findings in the acute phase. Pulmonary function showed that the
frequency of lung diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide abnormalities were comparable in SPs and
MPs (47.1 vs. 41.7%), while abnormal total lung capacity (TLC) and residual volume (RV) were more
frequent in SPs than in MPs (TLC, 18.8 vs. 8.3%; RV, 11.8 vs. 0%). |