Coronavirus (COVID-19): evidence relevant to clinical rehabilitation

On October 21st, 2020 the Cochrane Library has published a Special Collection on “Coronavirus (COVID-19): evidence relevant to clinical rehabilitation”.

Authors

This special collection is one from a series of collections that we will publish on the COVID-19 pandemic. It was developed by Stefano Negrini, Carlotte Kiekens, Chiara Arienti and Stefano Giuseppe Lazzarini (Cochrane Rehabilitation), in collaboration with the Steering Committee of the REH-COVER action, the Cochrane Rehabilitation Advisory Board and Executive Committee, which included Jess Hendon and Sarah Hetrick (Common Mental Disorders); Toby Lasserson (Deputy Editor in Chief, Cochrane Editorial and Methods Department), Katherine Jones (Cochrane Mental Health Network) and Monaz Mehta (Editor, Cochrane Editorial and Methods Department ).It will also be regularly updated to reflect its developing nature.

Introduction

We believe this Special Collection is of particular importance to our Field of Rehabilitation, since it states what rehabilitation is and why it is important among essential health services and strategies. It is in line with the World Health Organization’s initiative “Rehabilitation 2030: a call for action” where Cochrane Rehabilitation has been supporting in various ways. Moreover, we followed an innovative way in its production by performing a prioritization process that provided information on which current Cochrane Reviews requiring an update.

Contents of the Special Collection

The WHO Rehabilitation Programme asked Cochrane Rehabilitation to produce a rapid systematic review of rehabilitation interventions that might be of need to address the potential consequences of COVID-19 which were hypothesized from the current literature. This project is currently underway as part of the REH-COVER action. For the requested rapid review, and for this Special Collection as well, the following disorders have been identified as relevant:

• Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and pulmonary restrictive syndrome
• Post-intensive care syndrome (PICS)
• Post-extubation swallowing disorders
• Multiple organ failure and shock
• Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), in the context of rehabilitation

Since Cochrane contents are organized per disease, this special collection focuses on rehabilitation interventions for each of these disorders.

Methods

For this special collection we have involved all of our stakeholders in order to produce the final list of relevant Cochrane Reviews. A structured prioritization process was used to ascertain the inclusion of reviews for all disorders with the exception of PTSD. The latter was selected by the Cochrane Mental Health and Neurosciences Network and allocated to this group in consultation. The Cochrane Rehabilitation stakeholders have been selected from existing committees, which were:

• the international multi-professional Steering Committee of the REH-COVER action
• the Cochrane Rehabilitation Advisory Board
• the Cochrane Rehabilitation Executive Committee.

Cochrane Rehabilitation carried out a systematic search on all the Cochrane Reviews from the identified topics and retrieved 39 reviews. Of these, 25 were about rehabilitation for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and pulmonary restrictive syndrome, 14 about rehabilitation for post-intensive care syndrome (PICS), and none about rehabilitation for post-extubation swallowing disorders and multiple organ failure and shock. We believe those two topics should be prioritized due to its prevalence in the current COVID-19 pandemic. The list of identified reviews was sent to the 48 stakeholders with a request to prioritize them. We had a response rate of 60% (51% from the Advisory Board, 100% from the Steering Committee). Using a 5-point Likert scale of importance, those with an average score of 3 or more were included. A total of 15 Cochrane systematic reviews were included for full text screening: two of them were excluded because they were protocol (12,13), another was excluded because it was too old (14), and five other reviews because their results were inconclusive (15-19) even though two of them reported ongoing investigations that could change the results (15,16). We propose that it is necessary to update these four reviews (13-16) as they were prioritized for the COVID-19 emergency response. They are all listed at the end of this introduction. Of the eleven review articles that were included, Cochrane Rehabilitation identified 7 (1-7) according to the above reported methodology and 4 (8-11) further reviews on PTSD in collaboration with the Cochrane Mental Health and Neurosciences Network .

Included reviews

1. Hodgson C, Goligher E, Young M, Keating J, Holland A, Romero L, et al. Recruitment manoeuvres for adults with acute respiratory distress syndrome receiving mechanical ventilation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016;(11).
   Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006667.pub3
2. Rose L, Adhikari N, Leasa D, Fergusson D, McKim D. Cough augmentation techniques for extubation or weaning critically ill patients from mechanical ventilation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2017;(1).
   Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011833.pub2
3. Dowman L, Hill C, Holland A. Pulmonary rehabilitation for interstitial lung disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014;(10).
   Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006322.pub3
4. Silva I, Pedrosa R, Azevedo I, Forbes A, Fregonezi G, Dourado Junior M, et al. Respiratory muscle training in children and adults with neuromuscular disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2019;(9).
   Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011711.pub2
5. Hermans G, De Jonghe B, Bruyninckx F, Van den Berghe G. Interventions for preventing critical illness polyneuropathy and critical illness myopathy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014;(1).
   Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006832.pub3
6. Jones S, Man W, Gao W, Higginson I, Wilcock A, Maddocks M. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation for muscle weakness in adults with advanced disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016;(10).
   Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009419.pub3
7. Ullman A, Aitken L, Rattray J, Kenardy J, Le Brocque R, MacGillivray S, et al. Diaries for recovery from critical illness. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014;(12).
   Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010468.pub2
8. Belsher B, Beech E, Evatt D, Smolenski D, Shea M, Otto J, et al. Present‐centered therapy (PCT) for post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2019;(11).
   Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012898.pub2
9. Lewis C, Roberts N, Bethell A, Robertson L, Bisson J. Internet‐based cognitive and behavioural therapies for post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2018;(12).
   Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011710.pub2
10. Olthuis J, Watt M, Bailey K, Hayden J, Stewart S. Therapist‐supported Internet cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016;(3).
    Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011565.pub2
11. Purgato M, Gastaldon C, Papola D, van Ommeren M, Barbui C, Tol W. Psychological therapies for the treatment of mental disorders in low‐ and middle‐income countries affected by humanitarian crises. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2018;(7).
    Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011849.pub2

Other reviews/protocols prioritised for updating/completing

12. Bezerra AL, Anderlini, A, de Andrade, FMD, Figueiroa, JN, Lemos A. Inspiratory muscle training and physical training for reducing neuromuscular dysfunction in critically ill adults in intensive care units. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2017;(5). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009970.pub2
    [This protocol has been withdrawn]
13. Cox NS, McDonald, CF, Hill, CJ, O’Halloran, P, Alison, JA, Zanaboni, P, Macdonald, H, Holland A. Telerehabilitation for chronic respiratory disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2018;(6).
    Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013040
14. de Morton N, Keating, JL, Jeffs K. Exercise for acutely hospitalised older medical patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2007;(1).
    Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD005955.pub2
15. Doiron KA, Hoffmann, TC, Beller E. Early intervention (mobilization or active exercise) for critically ill adults in the intensive care unit. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2018;(3).
    Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010754.pub2
16. Schofield‐Robinson OJ, Lewis, SR, Smith, AF, McPeake, J, Alderson P. Follow‐up services for improving long‐term outcomes in intensive care unit (ICU) survivors. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2018;(11).
    Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012701.pub2

Other reviews prioritised, but inconclusive

17. Connolly B, Salisbury, L, O’Neill, B, Geneen, LJ, Douiri, A, Grocott, MPW, Hart, N, Walsh, TS, Blackwood B. Exercise rehabilitation following intensive care unit discharge for recovery from critical illness. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015;(6).
    Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD008632.pub2
18. Herling SF, Greve, IE, Vasilevskis, EE, Egerod, I, Bekker Mortensen, C, Møller, AM, Svenningsen, H, Thomsen T. Interventions for preventing intensive care unit delirium in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2018;(11).
    Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009783.pub2
19. Mehrholz J, Pohl, M, Kugler, J, Burridge, J, Mückel, S, Elsner B. Physical rehabilitation for critical illness myopathy and neuropathy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015;(3).
    Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010942.pub2

Other reviews identified as possibly relevant but not prioritised

20. Burton JK, Siddiqi, N, Teale, EA, Barugh, A, Sutton A. Non‐pharmacological interventions for preventing delirium in hospitalised non‐ICU patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2019;(4).
    Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013307
21. Cox NS, Alison, JA, Holland A. Interventions for promoting physical activity in people with cystic fibrosis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013;(12).
    Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009448.pub2
22. Drahota A, Ward, D, Mackenzie, H, Stores, R, Higgins, B, Gal, D, Dean T. Sensory environment on health‐related outcomes of hospital patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2012;(3).
    Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD005315.pub2
23. Goldbeck L, Fidika, A, Herle, M, Quittner A. Psychological interventions for individuals with cystic fibrosis and their families. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014;(6).
    Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003148.pub3
24. Hilton N, Solis‐Moya A. Respiratory muscle training for cystic fibrosis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2018;(5).
    Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006112.pub4
25. Irons JY, Kenny, DT, Chang A. Singing for children and adults with bronchiectasis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2010;(2).
    Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007729.pub2
26. Irons JY, Petocz, P, Kenny, DT, Chang A. Singing as an adjunct therapy for children and adults with cystic fibrosis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2019;(7).
    Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD008036.pub5
27. Jones S, Curley, R, Wildman, M, Morton, RW, Elphick H. Interventions for improving adherence to treatment in cystic fibrosis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2018;(7).
    Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011665.pub2
28. Kelly C, Grundy, S, Lynes, D, Evans, DJW, Gudur, S, Milan, SJ, Spencer S. Self‐management for bronchiectasis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2018;(2).
    Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012528.pub2
29. Khor YH, Ng, Y, Goh, NSL, McDonald, CF, Holland A. Prognosis of adults with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis without treatment or without effective therapies. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2017;(4).
    Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012647
30. Lee AL, Burge, AT, Holland A. Airway clearance techniques for bronchiectasis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015;(11).
    Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD008351.pub3
31. Lee AL, Burge, AT, Holland A. Positive expiratory pressure therapy versus other airway clearance techniques for bronchiectasis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2017;(9).
    Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011699.pub2
32. Main E, Prasad, A, van der Schans C. Conventional chest physiotherapy compared to other airway clearance techniques for cystic fibrosis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2005;(1).
    Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002011.pub2
33. McCullough A, Thomas, ET, Ryan, C, Bradley, JM, O’Neill, B, Elborn, S, Hughes C. Interventions for enhancing adherence to treatment in adults with bronchiectasis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015;(11).
    Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011023.pub2
34. McIlwaine M, Button, B, Nevitt S. Positive expiratory pressure physiotherapy for airway clearance in people with cystic fibrosis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2019;(11).
    Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003147.pub5
35. Mckoy NA, Wilson, LM, Saldanha, IJ, Odelola, OA, Robinson K. Active cycle of breathing technique for cystic fibrosis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016;(7).
    Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007862.pub4
36. Moran F, Bradley, JM, Piper A. Non‐invasive ventilation for cystic fibrosis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2017;(2).
    Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002769.pub5
37. Morrison L, Milroy S. Oscillating devices for airway clearance in people with cystic fibrosis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2020;(4).
    Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006842.pub5
38. Radtke T, Nevitt, SJ, Hebestreit, H, Kriemler S. Physical exercise training for cystic fibrosis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2017;(11).
    Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002768.pub4
39. Savage E, Beirne, PV, Ni Chroinin, M, Duff, A, Fitzgerald, T, Farrell D. Self‐management education for cystic fibrosis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014;(9).
    Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007641.pub3
40. Teale EA, Siddiqi, N, Clegg, A, Todd, OM, Young J. Non‐pharmacological interventions for managing delirium in hospitalised patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2017;(4).
    Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD005995.pub2
41. Warnock L, Gates A. Chest physiotherapy compared to no chest physiotherapy for cystic fibrosis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015;(12).
    Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001401.pub3
42. Welsh EJ, Evans, DJ, Fowler, SJ, Spencer S. Interventions for bronchiectasis: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015;(7).
    Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010337.pub2
43. Wilson LM, Morrison, L, Robinson K. Airway clearance techniques for cystic fibrosis: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2019;(1).
    Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011231.pub2